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Immunity means the being free from the effects of something and, as generally used in medicine, this is freedom from infection by disease. The methods, with which the body works to accomplish this, affect other situations.
There is no doubt that many aspects of immunity are not understood by scientists; one well-known authority, in fact, says that our understanding of these matters is but that of children. It is self-evident that the writer of the treatise which you are reading cannot assimilate all the large amount of knowledge that these scientists have accumulated. By a sort of law of diminishing returns what is handed over to and taken in by you is bound to be sketchy, but it is believed and hoped that what you see as in a glass darkly is merely indistinct and not distorted.
Undoubtedly all persons are born with some, but varying, degrees of immunity to different diseases. For thousands of years their ancestors had been fighting disease in the body and if they had not developed an immunity they would have ceased to exist. This is called an inherent, or natural, immunity.
Then they acquire immunity in various ways. First is that which the mother passes on through the placenta. Thus measles, diphtheria, and chicken pox do not affect infants in the first few months of life. Their bodies are not making this immunity; it has been loaned to them by their mothers, and after a bit it disappears. This is called passive immunity. Other special immunities the mothers do not seem to pass on. It is notorious that infants do not get immunity to whooping cough.
Immunity refers to the ability which an individual possesses or acquires to resist or overcome infection. The body functions in several ways to secure the individual against invading bacteria. The blood carries with it at all times substances and special cells which help to combat bacteria and their poisons (toxins). If certain toxin-producing bacteria gain a foothold somewhere in the body and secrete their poison into the tissues, these poisons are absorbed and disseminated, by the blood and lymph, to bring death and destruction to certain body tissue cells; however, just as soon as this course of events begins, many factors operate to combat the invasion. The white cells gather about the invading bacteria and engulf and destroy them; in addition certain cells in the body respond to the toxin-producing bacteria (antigen) by producing antibodies which act in several ways to defend the body.
One kind of antibody (opsonin) affects bacteria in such a way that they are more readily picked up and destroyed by the white cells of the blood; another kind (antitoxin) neutralizes the specific kind of poison produced by the bacteria quite as an acid is neutralized by a base. A third kind of antibody (agglutinin) immobilizes the bacteria cells and clumps them so that they are more readily removed by the white cells. These substances and other antibodies are produced only when a foreign protein substance, as occurs in viruses, bacteria, and their toxins, gains entrance to the body.
The details of the ensuing skirmish or possibly great battle are complex. If the poison or bacteria win, the war is ended for that body. Fortunately most of us win innumerable skirmishes. These fighters which we enlist at short notice are so highly specialized that it will be necessary at this point to abandon the metaphor about a defending army. If a body is attacked by measles, the “antibodies,” as we call the resisting force, are of no value against pneumonia. Each kind of antibody defends against only one disease. But what a job some of them do in their narrow special line! You all know that there are a number of diseases, one attack of which gives immunity for life.
The enormous amount of antibodies that may be poured out in response to the poison of an infection is demonstrated in diphtheria. This was a terrific scourge a generation or so ago. Diphtheria localized itself on mucous membranes, usually in the throat, where a membrane formed; but it also produced a highly poisonous substance known as diphtheria toxin which circulated through the body. The antitoxin to combat it was obtained by injecting toxin into a horse; first a very small amount which the horse could stand. This dose was slowly increased until in six months the horse could take one thousand times the amount of toxin which would have killed him in the beginning. Then the antitoxin obtained from him, when injected into a child, proved a successful protection.
Years ago, when typhoid was still common, a friend of mine had an attack. Recently she planned to travel in Europe and she consulted me. Would her previous attack of typhoid make her immune to it? It has been generally understood that people did not have second attacks of certain diseases such as typhoid, smallpox, and measles. These surely did give long-lasting immunity. But now it has been found that second attacks may occur as the immunity weakens with time.
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